Debezium connector for Vitess

Debezium’s Vitess connector captures row-level changes in the shards of a Vitess keyspace. For information about the Vitess versions that are compatible with this connector, see the Debezium release overview.

When the connector first connects to a Vitess cluster, it takes a consistent snapshot of the keyspace. After that snapshot is complete, the connector continuously captures row-level changes that are committed to a Vitess keyspace to insert, update, or delete database content. The connector generates data change event records and streams them to Kafka topics. For each table, the default behavior is that the connector streams all generated events to a separate Kafka topic for that table. Applications and services can then consume data change event records from the resulting topic.

Overview

Vitess’s VStream feature was introduced in version 4.0. It is a change event subscription service that provides equivalent information to the MySQL binary logs from the underlying MySQL shards of the Vitess cluster. An user can subscribe to multiple shards in a keyspace, making it a convenient tool to feed downstream CDC processes.

To read and process database changes, the Vitess connector subscribes to VTGate's VStream gRPC service. VTGate is a lightweight, stateless gRPC server, which is part of the Vitess cluster setup.

The connector gives you the flexibility to choose to subscribe to the MASTER nodes, or to the REPLICA nodes for change events.

The connector produces a change event for every row-level insert, update, and delete operation that was captured and sends change event records for each table in a separate Kafka topic. Client applications read the Kafka topics that correspond to the database tables of interest, and can react to every row-level event they receive from those topics.

The underlying MySQL implementation in Vitess purges binary logs based on some configurable period of time. Because the contents of the binlog might not be complete, the connector requires another mechanism to ensure that it captures the complete content of a particular database. Thus, when the connector connects to a database for the first time, it performs a consistent snapshot of the database. After the connector completes the snapshot, it continues streaming changes from the exact point at which the snapshot was made. In this way, the connector starts with a consistent view of all of the data, and does not omit any changes that were made while the snapshot was being taken.

The connector is tolerant of failures. As the connector reads changes and produces events, it records the Vitess global transaction ID (VGTID) position for each event. If the connector stops for any reason (including communication failures, network problems, or crashes), after the connector restarts, it continues reading from VStream from the last change event entry that it stored. This behavior does not apply to snapshots. If the connector stops during a snapshot, after a restart, the connector does not continue performing snapshots where it last left off. We’ll talk later about how the connector behaves when things go wrong.

How the connector works

To optimally configure and run a Debezium Vitess connector, it is helpful to understand how the connector performs snapshots, streams change events, determines Kafka topic names, and uses metadata.

Snapshot

Typically, a MySQL server is not configured to retain the complete history of the database in the binary logs. As a result, the connector is unable to read the entire history of the database from the binary logs. For this reason, the first time that the connector starts, it performs an initial consistent snapshot of the database. You can change this behavior by setting the snapshot.mode connector configuration property to a value other than initial. This snapshot feature is built on VStream Copy introduced in version 7.0.

Automatic retry of a failed snapshot is expected to be available in a future release.

Streaming changes

The Vitess connector spends all its time streaming changes from the VTGate’s VStream gRPC service to which it is subscribed. The client receives changes from VStream as they are committed in the underlying MySQL server’s binlog at certain positions, which are referred to as VGTID.

The VGTID in Vitess is the equivalent of GTID in MySQL, it describes the position in the VStream in which a change event happens. Typically, A VGTID has multiple shard GTIDs, each shard GTID is a tuple of (Keyspace, Shard, GTID), which describes the GTID position of a given shard.

When subscribing to a VStream service, the connector needs to provide a VGTID and a Tablet Type (e.g. MASTER, REPLICA). The VGTID describes the position from which VStream should starts sending change events; the Tablet type describes which underlying MySQL instance (master or replica) in each shard do we read change events from.

The first time the connector connects to a Vitess cluster, it gets the current VGTID from a Vitess component called VTCtld and provides the current VGTID to VStream.

The Debezium Vitess connector acts as a gRPC client of VStream. When the connector receives changes it transforms the events into Debezium create, update, or delete events that include the VGTID of the event. The Vitess connector forwards these change events in records to the Kafka Connect framework, which is running in the same process. The Kafka Connect process asynchronously writes the change event records in the same order in which they were generated to the appropriate Kafka topic.

Periodically, Kafka Connect records the most recent offset in another Kafka topic. The offset indicates source-specific position information that Debezium includes with each event. For the Vitess connector, the VGTID recorded in each change event is the offset.

When Kafka Connect gracefully shuts down, it stops the connectors, flushes all event records to Kafka, and records the last offset received from each connector. When Kafka Connect restarts, it reads the last recorded offset for each connector, and starts each connector at its last recorded offset. When the connector restarts, it sends a request to VStream to send the events starting just after that position.

Topics names

The Vitess connector writes events for all insert, update, and delete operations on a single table to a single Kafka topic. By default, the Kafka topic name is topicPrefix.keyspaceName.tableName where:

  • topicPrefix is the topic prefix as specified by the topic.prefix connector configuration property.

  • keyspaceName is the name of the keyspace (a.k.a. database) where the operation occurred.

  • tableName is the name of the database table in which the operation occurred.

For example, suppose that fulfillment is the logical server name in the configuration for a connector that is capturing changes in a Vitess installation that has an commerce keyspace that contains four tables: products, products_on_hand, customers, and orders. Regardless of how many shards the keyspace has, the connector would stream records to these four Kafka topics:

  • fulfillment.commerce.products

  • fulfillment.commerce.products_on_hand

  • fulfillment.commerce.customers

  • fulfillment.commerce.orders

Transaction metadata

Debezium can generate events that represent transaction boundaries and that enrich data change event messages.

Limits on when Debezium receives transaction metadata

Debezium registers and receives metadata only for transactions that occur after you deploy the connector. Metadata for transactions that occur before you deploy the connector is not available.

Debezium generates transaction boundary events for the BEGIN and END delimiters in every transaction. Transaction boundary events contain the following fields:

status

BEGIN or END.

id

String representation of the unique transaction identifier.

ts_ms

The time of a transaction boundary event (BEGIN or END event) at the data source. If the data source does not provide Debezium with the event time, then the field instead represents the time at which Debezium processes the event. Note:`ts_ms` is in milliseconds, but only has seconds-level precision due to a limitation of MySQL, which can only provide binlog timestamps in seconds.

event_count (for END events)

Total number of events emitted by the transaction.

data_collections (for END events)

An array of pairs of data_collection and event_count elements that indicates the number of events that the connector emits for changes that originate from a data collection.

Example
{
  "status": "BEGIN",
  "id": "[{\"keyspace\":\"test_unsharded_keyspace\",\"shard\":\"0\",\"gtid\":\"MySQL56/e03ece6c-4c04-11ec-8e20-0242ac110004:1-37\"}]",
  "ts_ms": 1486500577000,
  "event_count": null,
  "data_collections": null
}

{
  "status": "END",
  "id": "[{\"keyspace\":\"test_unsharded_keyspace\",\"shard\":\"0\",\"gtid\":\"MySQL56/e03ece6c-4c04-11ec-8e20-0242ac110004:1-37\"}]",
  "ts_ms": 1486500577000,
  "event_count": 1,
  "data_collections": [
    {
      "data_collection": "test_unsharded_keyspace.my_seq",
      "event_count": 1
    }
  ]
}

Unless overridden via the topic.transaction option, the connector emits transaction events to the <topic.prefix>.transaction topic.

Change data event enrichment

When transaction metadata is enabled the data message Envelope is enriched with a new transaction field. This field provides information about every event in the form of a composite of fields:

  • id - string representation of unique transaction identifier

  • total_order - absolute position of the event among all events generated by the transaction

  • data_collection_order - the per-data collection position of the event among all events that were emitted by the transaction

Following is an example of a message:

{
  "before": null,
  "after": {
    "pk": "2",
    "aa": "1"
  },
  "source": {
...
  },
  "op": "c",
  "ts_ms": 1637988245467,
  "ts_us": 1637988245467841,
  "ts_ns": 1637988245467841698,
  "transaction": {
    "id": "[{\"keyspace\":\"test_unsharded_keyspace\",\"shard\":\"0\",\"gtid\":\"MySQL56/e03ece6c-4c04-11ec-8e20-0242ac110004:1-68\"}]",
    "total_order": 1,
    "data_collection_order": 1
  }
}

Ordered Transaction Metadata

You can configure Debezium to include additional metadata in data change event records. Such supplemental metadata can assist downstream consumers in processing messages in the correct order when repartitioning, or some other disruption, might otherwise lead to data being consumed out of order.

Change Data Enrichment

To configure the connector to emit enriched data change event records, set the transaction.metadata.factory property. When this property is set to VitessOrderedTransactionMetadataFactory, the connector includes a transaction field in the message Envelope. The transaction field adds metadata that provides information about the order in which transactions occur. The following fields are added to every message:

transaction_epoch

A non-decreasing value that represents the epoch that the transaction rank belongs to.

transaction_rank

A non-decreasing value within an epoch that represents the order of the transaction.

A third field is also relevant to event ordering:

total_order

Represents the absolute position of an event among all events generated by a transaction. This field is included by default in the standard transaction metadata.

The following example illustrates how to use these fields to establish event order.

Suppose Debezium emits change event records for two events that occur in the same shard and share the same primary key. If the Kafka topic where these events are sent is repartitioned, then the consumer order of the two events cannot be trusted. If Debezium is configured to provide enriched transaction metadata, applications that consume from the topic can apply the following logic to determine which of the two event to apply (the newer event) and which to discard:

  1. If the values for transaction_epoch are not equal, return the event with the higher transaction_epoch value. Otherwise, continue.

  2. If the values for transaction_rank are not equal, return the event with the higher transaction_rank value. Otherwise, continue.

  3. Return the event with a greater total_order value.

If neither of the two events have a higher total_order value, then the events are part of the same transaction. Because the total_order field represents the order of events within a transaction, the event with the greater value is the most recent event.

The following example shows a data change event with ordered transaction metadata:

{
  "before": null,
  "after": {
    "pk": "2",
    "aa": "1"
  },
  "source": {
...
  },
  "op": "c",
  "ts_ms": 1637988245467,
  "ts_us": 1637988245467841,
  "ts_ns": 1637988245467841698,
  "transaction": {
    "id": "[{\"keyspace\":\"test_unsharded_keyspace\",\"shard\":\"0\",\"gtid\":\"MySQL56/e03ece6c-4c04-11ec-8e20-0242ac110004:1-68\"}]",
    "total_order": 1,
    "data_collection_order": 1,
    "transaction_rank": 68,
    "transaction_epoch": 0
  }
}

Efficient Transaction Metadata

If you enable the connector to provide transaction metadata, it generates significantly more data. Not only does the connector send additional messages to the transaction topics, but messages that it sends to the data change topics are larger, because they include a transaction metadata block. The added volume is due to the following factors:

  • The VGTID is stored twice, once as source.vgtid, and then again as transaction.id. In keyspaces that include many shards, these VGTIDs can be quite large

  • In a sharded environment, the VGTID typically contains the VGTID for every shard. In keyspaces with many shards, the amount of data in the VGTID field can be quite large.

  • The connector sends transaction topic messages for every transaction boundary event. Typically, keyspaces that include many shards tend to generate a high number of transaction boundary events.

To enable the Vitess connector to encode transaction metadata without significantly increasing the volume of data produced, Debezium provides several single message transformations (SMTs). The following SMTs are designed to reduce the amount of data in events that the Vitess connector emits:

The following example shows an excerpt from the configuration of a Vitess connector that uses the preceding transformations:

}
 [...]
 "provide.transaction.metadata": "true",
 "transaction.metadata.factory": "io.debezium.connector.vitess.pipeline.txmetadata.VitessOrderedTransactionMetadataFactory",
 "transforms": "filterTransactionTopicRecords,removeField,useLocalVgtid",
 "transforms.filterTransactionTopicRecords.type": "io.debezium.connector.vitess.transforms.FilterTransactionTopicRecords",
 "transforms.removeField.type": "io.debezium.connector.vitess.transforms.RemoveField",
 "transforms.removeField.field_names": "transaction.id",
 "transforms.useLocalVgtid.type": "io.debezium.connector.vitess.transforms.UseLocalVgtid",
 [...]
}

Data change events

The Debezium Vitess connector generates a data change event for each row-level INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE operation. Each event contains a key and a value. The structure of the key and the value depends on the table that was changed.

Debezium and Kafka Connect are designed around continuous streams of event messages. However, the structure of these events may change over time, which can be difficult for consumers to handle. To address this, each event contains the schema for its content or, if you are using a schema registry, a schema ID that a consumer can use to obtain the schema from the registry. This makes each event self-contained.

The following skeleton JSON shows the basic four parts of a change event. However, how you configure the Kafka Connect converter that you choose to use in your application determines the representation of these four parts in change events. A schema field is in a change event only when you configure the converter to produce it. Likewise, the event key and event payload are in a change event only if you configure a converter to produce it. If you use the JSON converter and you configure it to produce all four basic change event parts, change events have this structure:

{
 "schema": { (1)
   ...
  },
 "payload": { (2)
   ...
 },
 "schema": { (3)
   ...
 },
 "payload": { (4)
   ...
 },
}
Table 1. Overview of change event basic content
Item Field name Description

1

schema

The first schema field is part of the event key. It specifies a Kafka Connect schema that describes what is in the event key’s payload portion. In other words, the first schema field describes the structure of the primary key, or the first single-column unique key if the table does not have a primary key, for the table that was changed. Multi-column unique key is not supported.

It is possible to override the table’s primary key by setting the message.key.columns connector configuration property. In this case, the first schema field describes the structure of the key identified by that property.

2

payload

The first payload field is part of the event key. It has the structure described by the previous schema field and it contains the key for the row that was changed.

3

schema

The second schema field is part of the event value. It specifies the Kafka Connect schema that describes what is in the event value’s payload portion. In other words, the second schema describes the structure of the row that was changed. Typically, this schema contains nested schemas.

4

payload

The second payload field is part of the event value. It has the structure described by the previous schema field and it contains the actual data for the row that was changed.

By default behavior is that the connector streams change event records to topics with names that are the same as the event’s originating table.

Starting with Kafka 0.10, Kafka can optionally record the event key and value with the timestamp at which the message was created (recorded by the producer) or written to the log by Kafka.

The Vitess connector ensures that all Kafka Connect schema names adhere to the Avro schema name format. This means that the logical server name must start with a Latin letter or an underscore, that is, a-z, A-Z, or _. Each remaining character in the logical server name and each character in the schema and table names must be a Latin letter, a digit, or an underscore, that is, a-z, A-Z, 0-9, or \_. If there is an invalid character it is replaced with an underscore character.

This can lead to unexpected conflicts if the logical server name, a schema name, or a table name contains invalid characters, and the only characters that distinguish names from one another are invalid and thus replaced with underscores.

The connector doesn’t allow to name columns with the @ prefix at the moment. For example, age is a valid column name, and @age is not. The reason is that Vitess vstreamer has a bug that would send events with anonymized column names (e.g. column name age is anonymized to @1). There’s no easy way to differentiate between a legit column name with the @ prefix, and the Vitess bug. See more discussion here.

Change event keys

For a given table, the change event’s key has a structure that contains a field for each column in the primary key of the table at the time the event was created.

Consider a customers table defined in the commerce keyspace and the example of a change event key for that table.

Example table
CREATE TABLE customers (
  id INT NOT NULL,
  first_name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
  last_name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
  email VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY(id)
);
Example change event key

If the topic.prefix connector configuration property has the value Vitess_server, every change event for the customers table while it has this definition has the same key structure, which in JSON looks like this:

{
  "schema": { (1)
    "type": "struct",
    "name": "Vitess_server.commerce.customers.Key", (2)
    "optional": false, (3)
    "fields": [ (4)
          {
              "name": "id",
              "index": "0",
              "schema": {
                  "type": "INT32",
                  "optional": "false"
              }
          }
      ]
  },
  "payload": { (5)
      "id": "1"
  },
}
Table 2. Description of change event key
Item Field name Description

1

schema

The schema portion of the key specifies a Kafka Connect schema that describes what is in the key’s payload portion.

2

Vitess_server.commerce.customers.Key

Name of the schema that defines the structure of the key’s payload. This schema describes the structure of the primary key for the table that was changed. Key schema names have the format connector-name.keyspace-name.table-name.Key. In this example:

  • Vitess_server is the name of the connector that generated this event.

  • commerce is the keyspace that contains the table that was changed.

  • customers is the table that was updated.

3

optional

Indicates whether the event key must contain a value in its payload field. In this example, a value in the key’s payload is required. A value in the key’s payload field is optional when a table does not have a primary key.

4

fields

Specifies each field that is expected in the payload, including each field’s name, index, and schema.

5

payload

Contains the key for the row for which this change event was generated. In this example, the key, contains a single id field whose value is 1.

Although the column.exclude.list and column.include.list connector configuration properties allow you to capture only a subset of table columns, all columns in a primary or unique key are always included in the event’s key.

If the table does not have a primary, then the change event’s key is null. The rows in a table without a primary key constraint cannot be uniquely identified.

Change event values

The value in a change event is a bit more complicated than the key. Like the key, the value has a schema section and a payload section. The schema section contains the schema that describes the Envelope structure of the payload section, including its nested fields. Change events for operations that create, update or delete data all have a value payload with an envelope structure.

Consider the same sample table that was used to show an example of a change event key:

CREATE TABLE customers (
  id INT NOT NULL,
  first_name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
  last_name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
  email VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY(id)
);

The emitted events for UPDATE and DELETE operations contain the previous values of all columns in the table.

create events

The following example shows the value portion of a change event that the connector generates for an operation that creates data in the customers table:

{
    "schema": { (1)
        "type": "struct",
        "fields": [
            {
                "type": "struct",
                "fields": [
                    {
                        "type": "int32",
                        "optional": false,
                        "field": "id"
                    },
                    {
                        "type": "string",
                        "optional": false,
                        "field": "first_name"
                    },
                    {
                        "type": "string",
                        "optional": false,
                        "field": "last_name"
                    },
                    {
                        "type": "string",
                        "optional": false,
                        "field": "email"
                    }
                ],
                "optional": true,
                "name": "Vitess_server.commerce.customers.Value", (2)
                "field": "before"
            },
            {
                "type": "struct",
                "fields": [
                    {
                        "type": "int32",
                        "optional": false,
                        "field": "id"
                    },
                    {
                        "type": "string",
                        "optional": false,
                        "field": "first_name"
                    },
                    {
                        "type": "string",
                        "optional": false,
                        "field": "last_name"
                    },
                    {
                        "type": "string",
                        "optional": false,
                        "field": "email"
                    }
                ],
                "optional": true,
                "name": "Vitess_server.commerce.customers.Value",
                "field": "after"
            },
            {
                "type": "struct",
                "fields": [
                    {
                        "type": "string",
                        "optional": false,
                        "field": "version"
                    },
                    {
                        "type": "string",
                        "optional": false,
                        "field": "connector"
                    },
                    {
                        "type": "string",
                        "optional": false,
                        "field": "name"
                    },
                    {
                        "type": "int64",
                        "optional": false,
                        "field": "ts_ms"
                    },
                    {
                        "type": "int64",
                        "optional": false,
                        "field": "ts_us"
                    },
                    {
                        "type": "int64",
                        "optional": false,
                        "field": "ts_ns"
                    },
                    {
                        "type": "string",
                        "optional": true,
                        "name": "io.debezium.data.Enum",
                        "version": 1,
                        "parameters": {
                            "allowed": "true,last,false,incremental"
                        },
                        "default": "false",
                        "field": "snapshot"
                    },
                    {
                        "type": "string",
                        "optional": false,
                        "field": "db"
                    },
                    {
                        "type": "string",
                        "optional": true,
                        "field": "sequence"
                    },
                    {
                        "type": "string",
                        "optional": false,
                        "field": "keyspace"
                    },
                    {
                        "type": "string",
                        "optional": false,
                        "field": "table"
                    },
                    {
                        "type": "string",
                        "optional": false,
                        "field": "shard"
                    },
                    {
                        "type": "int64",
                        "optional": true,
                        "field": "vgtid"
                    }
                ],
                "optional": false,
                "name": "io.debezium.connector.vitess.Source", (3)
                "field": "source"
            },
            {
                "type": "string",
                "optional": false,
                "field": "op"
            },
            {
                "type": "int64",
                "optional": true,
                "field": "ts_ms"
            },
            {
                "type": "int64",
                "optional": true,
                "field": "ts_us"
            },
            {
                "type": "int64",
                "optional": true,
                "field": "ts_ns"
            }
        ],
        "optional": false,
        "name": "Vitess_server.commerce.customers.Envelope" (4)
    },
    "payload": { (5)
        "before": null, (6)
        "after": { (7)
            "id": 1,
            "first_name": "Anne",
            "last_name": "Kretchmar",
            "email": "annek@noanswer.org"
        },
        "source": { (8)
            "version": "3.0.4.Final",
            "connector": "vitess",
            "name": "my_sharded_connector",
            "ts_ms": 1559033904000,
            "ts_us": 1559033904000000,
            "ts_ns": 1559033904000000000,
            "snapshot": "false",
            "db": "",
            "sequence": null,
            "keyspace": "commerce",
            "table": "customers",
            "shard": "-80",
            "vgtid": "[{\"keyspace\":\"commerce\",\"shard\":\"80-\",\"gtid\":\"MariaDB/0-54610504-47\"},{\"keyspace\":\"commerce\",\"shard\":\"-80\",\"gtid\":\"MariaDB/0-1592148-45\"}]"
        },
        "op": "c", (9)
        "ts_ms": 1559033904863, (10)
        "ts_us": 1559033904863497, (10)
        "ts_ns": 1559033904863497147 (10)
    }
}
Table 3. Descriptions of create event value fields
Item Field name Description

1

schema

The value’s schema, which describes the structure of the value’s payload. A change event’s value schema is the same in every change event that the connector generates for a particular table.

2

name

In the schema section, each name field specifies the schema for a field in the value’s payload.

Vitess_server.commerce.customers.Value is the schema for the payload’s before and after fields. This schema is specific to the customers table.

Names of schemas for before and after fields are of the form logicalName.keyspaceName.tableName.Value, which ensures that the schema name is unique in the database. This means that when using the Avro converter, the resulting Avro schema for each table in each logical source has its own evolution and history.

3

name

io.debezium.connector.vitess.Source is the schema for the payload’s source field. This schema is specific to the Vitess connector. The connector uses it for all events that it generates.

4

name

Vitess_server.commerce.customers.Envelope is the schema for the overall structure of the payload, where Vitess_server is the connector name, commerce is the keyspace, and customers is the table.

5

payload

The value’s actual data. This is the information that the change event is providing.

It may appear that the JSON representations of the events are much larger than the rows they describe. This is because the JSON representation must include the schema and the payload portions of the message. However, by using the Avro converter, you can significantly decrease the size of the messages that the connector streams to Kafka topics.

6

before

An optional field that specifies the state of the row before the event occurred. When the op field is c for create, as it is in this example, the before field is null since this change event is for new content.

7

after

An optional field that specifies the state of the row after the event occurred. In this example, the after field contains the values of the new row’s id, first_name, last_name, and email columns.

8

source

Mandatory field that describes the source metadata for the event. This field contains information that you can use to compare this event with other events, with regard to the origin of the events, the order in which the events occurred, and whether events were part of the same transaction. The source metadata includes:

  • Debezium version

  • Connector type and name

  • Database (also known as keyspace), table, and shard that contains the new row

  • If the event was part of a snapshot (always false)

  • VGTID of the operation

  • Timestamp for when the change was made in the database

9

op

Mandatory string that describes the type of operation that caused the connector to generate the event. In this example, c indicates that the operation created a row. Valid values are:

  • c = create

  • u = update

  • d = delete

10

ts_ms, ts_us, ts_ns

Optional field that displays the time at which the connector processed the event. The time is based on the system clock in the JVM running the Kafka Connect task.

In the source object, ts_ms indicates the time that the change was made in the database. By comparing the value for payload.source.ts_ms with the value for payload.ts_ms, you can determine the lag between the source database update and Debezium. Note:`ts_ms` is in milliseconds, but only has seconds-level precision due to a limitation of MySQL, which can only provide binlog timestamps in seconds.

update events

The value of a change event for an update in the sample customers table has the same schema as a create event for that table. Likewise, the event value’s payload has the same structure. However, the event value payload contains different values in an update event. Here is an example of a change event value in an event that the connector generates for an update in the customers table:

{
    "schema": { ... },
    "payload": {
        "before": { (1)
            "id": 1,
            "first_name": "Anne",
            "last_name": "Kretchmar",
            "email": "annek@noanswer.org"
        },
        "after": { (2)
            "id": 1,
            "first_name": "Anne Marie",
            "last_name": "Kretchmar",
            "email": "annek@noanswer.org"
        },
        "source": { (3)
            "version": "3.0.4.Final",
            "connector": "vitess",
            "name": "my_sharded_connector",
            "ts_ms": 1559033904000,
            "ts_us": 1559033904000000,
            "ts_ns": 1559033904000000000,
            "snapshot": "false",
            "db": "",
            "sequence": null,
            "keyspace": "commerce",
            "table": "customers",
            "shard": "-80",
            "vgtid": "[{\"keyspace\":\"commerce\",\"shard\":\"80-\",\"gtid\":\"MariaDB/0-54610504-47\"},{\"keyspace\":\"commerce\",\"shard\":\"-80\",\"gtid\":\"MariaDB/0-1592148-46\"}]"
        },
        "op": "u", (4)
        "ts_ms": 1465584025523,  (5)
        "ts_us": 1465584025523763,  (5)
        "ts_ns": 1465584025523763547  (5)
    }
}
Table 4. Descriptions of update event value fields
Item Field name Description

1

before

An optional field that contains all values of all columns that were in the row before the database commit.

2

after

An optional field that specifies the state of the row after the event occurred. In this example, the first_name value is now Anne Marie.

3

source

Mandatory field that describes the source metadata for the event. The source field structure has the same fields as in a create event, but some values are different. The source metadata includes:

  • Debezium version

  • Connector type and name

  • Database (also known as keyspace), table, and shard that contains the new row

  • If the event was part of a snapshot (always false)

  • VGTID of the operation

  • Timestamp for when the change was made in the database

4

op

Mandatory string that describes the type of operation. In an update event value, the op field value is u, signifying that this row changed because of an update.

5

ts_ms, ts_us, ts_ns

Optional field that displays the time at which the connector processed the event. The time is based on the system clock in the JVM running the Kafka Connect task.

In the source object, ts_ms indicates the time that the change was made in the database. By comparing the value for payload.source.ts_ms with the value for payload.ts_ms, you can determine the lag between the source database update and Debezium. Note:`ts_ms` is in milliseconds, but only has seconds-level precision due to a limitation of MySQL, which can only provide binlog timestamps in seconds.

Updating the columns for a row’s primary key changes the value of the row’s key. When a key changes, Debezium outputs three events: a DELETE event and a tombstone event with the old key for the row, followed by an event with the new key for the row. Details are in the next section.

Primary key updates

An UPDATE operation that changes a row’s primary key field(s) is known as a primary key change. For a primary key change, in place of an UPDATE event record, the connector emits a DELETE event record for the old key and a CREATE event record for the new (updated) key. These events have the usual structure and content, and in addition, each one has a message header related to the primary key change:

  • The DELETE event record has __debezium.newkey as a message header. The value of this header is the new primary key for the updated row.

  • The CREATE event record has __debezium.oldkey as a message header. The value of this header is the previous (old) primary key that the updated row had.

delete events

The value in a delete change event has the same schema portion as create and update events for the same table. The payload portion in a delete event for the sample customers table looks like this:

{
    "schema": { ... },
    "payload": {
        "before": { (1)
            "id": 1,
            "first_name": "Anne Marie",
            "last_name": "Kretchmar",
            "email": "annek@noanswer.org"
        },
        "after": null, (2)
        "source": { (3)
            "version": "3.0.4.Final",
            "connector": "vitess",
            "name": "my_sharded_connector",
            "ts_ms": 1559033904000,
            "ts_us": 1559033904000000,
            "ts_ns": 1559033904000000000,
            "snapshot": "false",
            "db": "",
            "sequence": null,
            "keyspace": "commerce",
            "table": "customers",
            "shard": "-80",
            "vgtid": "[{\"keyspace\":\"commerce\",\"shard\":\"80-\",\"gtid\":\"MariaDB/0-54610504-47\"},{\"keyspace\":\"commerce\",\"shard\":\"-80\",\"gtid\":\"MariaDB/0-1592148-47\"}]"
        },
        "op": "d", (4)
        "ts_ms": 1465581902461, (5)
        "ts_us": 1465581902461324, (5)
        "ts_ns": 1465581902461324871 (5)
    }
}
Table 5. Descriptions of delete event value fields
Item Field name Description

1

before

Optional field that specifies the state of the row before the event occurred. In a delete event value, the before field contains the values that were in the row before it was deleted with the database commit.

2

after

Optional field that specifies the state of the row after the event occurred. In a delete event value, the after field is null, signifying that the row no longer exists.

3

source

Mandatory field that describes the source metadata for the event. In a delete event value, the source field structure is the same as for create and update events for the same table. Many source field values are also the same. In a delete event value, the ts_ms and lsn field values, as well as other values, might have changed. But the source field in a delete event value provides the same metadata:

  • Debezium version

  • Connector type and name

  • Database (also known as keyspace), table, and shard that contains the new row

  • If the event was part of a snapshot (always false)

  • VGTID of the operation

  • Timestamp for when the change was made in the database

4

op

Mandatory string that describes the type of operation. The op field value is d, signifying that this row was deleted.

5

ts_ms, ts_us, ts_ns

Optional field that displays the time at which the connector processed the event. The time is based on the system clock in the JVM running the Kafka Connect task.

In the source object, ts_ms indicates the time that the change was made in the database. By comparing the value for payload.source.ts_ms with the value for payload.ts_ms, you can determine the lag between the source database update and Debezium. Note:`ts_ms` is in milliseconds, but only has seconds-level precision due to a limitation of MySQL, which can only provide binlog timestamps in seconds.

A delete change event record provides a consumer with the information it needs to process the removal of this row.

Vitess connector events are designed to work with Kafka log compaction. Log compaction enables removal of some older messages as long as at least the most recent message for every key is kept. This lets Kafka reclaim storage space while ensuring that the topic contains a complete data set and can be used for reloading key-based state.

Tombstone events

When a row is deleted, the delete event value still works with log compaction, because Kafka can remove all earlier messages that have that same key. However, for Kafka to remove all messages that have that same key, the message value must be null. To make this possible, the Vitess connector follows a delete event with a special tombstone event that has the same key but a null value.

Data type mappings

The Vitess connector represents changes to rows with events that are structured like the table in which the row exists. The event contains a field for each column value. How that value is represented in the event depends on the Vitess data type of the column. This section describes these mappings.

If the default data type conversions do not meet your needs, you can create a custom converter for the connector.

Basic types

The following table describes how the connector maps basic Vitess data types to a literal type and a semantic type in event fields.

  • literal type describes how the value is literally represented using Kafka Connect schema types: INT8, INT16, INT32, INT64, FLOAT32, FLOAT64, BOOLEAN, STRING, BYTES, ARRAY, MAP, and STRUCT.

  • semantic type describes how the Kafka Connect schema captures the meaning of the field using the name of the Kafka Connect schema for the field.

Table 6. Mappings for Vitess basic data types
Vitess data type Literal type (schema type) Semantic type (schema name) and Notes

BOOLEAN, BOOL

INT16

n/a

BIT(1)

Unsupported yet

n/a

BIT(>1)

Unsupported yet

n/a

TINYINT

INT16

n/a

SMALLINT[(M)]

INT16

n/a

MEDIUMINT[(M)]

INT32

n/a

INT, INTEGER[(M)]

INT32

n/a

BIGINT[(M)]

INT64

n/a

REAL[(M,D)]

FLOAT64

n/a

FLOAT[(M,D)]

FLOAT64

n/a

DOUBLE[(M,D)]

FLOAT64

n/a

CHAR[(M)]

STRING

n/a

VARCHAR[(M)]

STRING

n/a

BINARY[(M)]

BYTES

n/a

VARBINARY[(M)]

BYTES

n/a

TINYBLOB

BYTES

n/a

TINYTEXT

STRING

n/a

BLOB

BYTES

n/a

TEXT

STRING

n/a

MEDIUMBLOB

BYTES

n/a

MEDIUMTEXT

STRING

n/a

LONGBLOB

BYTES

n/a

LONGTEXT

STRING

n/a

JSON

STRING

io.debezium.data.Json
Contains the string representation of a JSON document, array, or scalar.

ENUM

STRING

io.debezium.data.Enum
The allowed schema parameter contains the comma-separated list of allowed values.

SET

STRING

io.debezium.data.EnumSet
The allowed schema parameter contains the comma-separated list of allowed values.

YEAR[(2|4)]

INT32

io.debezium.time.Year

TIMESTAMP[(M)]

STRING

n/a
In yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.SSS format with microsecond precision based on UTC. MySQL allows M to be in the range of 0-6.

NUMERIC[(M[,D])]

STRING

n/a

DECIMAL[(M[,D])]

STRING

n/a

GEOMETRY,
LINESTRING,
POLYGON,
MULTIPOINT,
MULTILINESTRING,
MULTIPOLYGON,
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION

Unsupported yet

n/a

Temporal types

Excluding the TIMESTAMP data type, Vitess temporal types depend on the value of the time.precision.mode connector configuration property.

Temporal values without time zones

The DATETIME type represents a local date and time such as "2018-01-13 09:48:27". As you can see in the preceding example, this type does not include time zone information. Columns of this type are converted into epoch milliseconds or microseconds based on the column’s precision by using UTC. The TIMESTAMP type represents a timestamp without time zone information. When writing data, MySQL converts the TIMESTAMP type from the time zone of the server or session into UTC format. When it reads values, the database converts from UTC format to the current time zone of the server or session. For example:

  • DATETIME with a value of 2018-06-20 06:37:03 becomes 1529476623000.

  • TIMESTAMP with a value of 2018-06-20 06:37:03 becomes 2018-06-20T13:37:03Z.

Such columns are converted into an equivalent io.debezium.time.ZonedTimestamp in UTC, based on the time zone of the server or session. By default, Debezium queries the server for the time zone. If this fails, you must explicitly specify the timezone by setting the connectionTimeZone option in the JDBC connection string. For example, if the database’s time zone (either globally, or as configured for the connector by means of the connectionTimeZone option) is "America/Los_Angeles", the TIMESTAMP value "2018-06-20 06:37:03" is represented by a ZonedTimestamp with the value "2018-06-20T13:37:03Z".

The time zone of the JVM that runs Kafka Connect and Debezium does not affect these conversions.

For more information about properties that affect temporal values, see the connector configuration properties.

time.precision.mode=adaptive_time_microseconds(default)

The Vitess connector determines the literal type and semantic type based on the column’s data type definition so that events represent exactly the values in the database. All time fields are in microseconds. Only positive TIME field values in the range of 00:00:00.000000 to 23:59:59.999999 can be captured correctly.

Table 7. Mappings when time.precision.mode=adaptive_time_microseconds
Vitess type Literal type Semantic type

DATE

INT32

io.debezium.time.Date
Represents the number of days elapsed since the UNIX epoch.

TIME[(M)]

INT64

io.debezium.time.MicroTime
Represents the time value in microseconds and does not include time zone information. MySQL allows M to be in the range of 0-6.

DATETIME, DATETIME(0), DATETIME(1), DATETIME(2), DATETIME(3)

INT64

io.debezium.time.Timestamp
Represents the number of milliseconds elapsed since the UNIX epoch and does not include time zone information.

DATETIME(4), DATETIME(5), DATETIME(6)

INT64

io.debezium.time.MicroTimestamp
Represents the number of microseconds elapsed since the UNIX epoch and does not include time zone information.
time.precision.mode=connect

The Vitess connector uses defined Kafka Connect logical types. This approach is less precise than the default approach, and the events could be less precise if the database column has a fractional second precision value that is greater than 3. The connector can process values that range from 00:00:00.000 to 23:59:59.999. Set time.precision.mode=connect only if you are certain that the TIME values in your tables never exceed the supported ranges. The connect setting is expected to be removed in a future version of Debezium.

Table 8. Mappings when time.precision.mode=connect
Vitess data type Literal type Semantic type

DATE

INT32

org.apache.kafka.connect.data.Date
Represents the number of days elapsed since the UNIX epoch.

TIME[(M)]

INT64

org.apache.kafka.connect.data.Time
Represents the time value in microseconds since midnight and does not include time zone information.

DATETIME[(M)]

INT64

org.apache.kafka.connect.data.Timestamp
Represents the number of milliseconds elapsed since the UNIX epoch, and does not include time zone information.

Seting up Vitess

Debezium does not require any specific configuration for use with Vitess. Install Vitess according to the standard instructions in the Local Install via Docker guide, or the Vitess Operator for Kubernetes guide.

Checklist

  • Make sure that the VTGate host and its gRPC port (default is 15991) is accessible from the machine where the Vitess connector is installed

  • Make sure that the VTCtld host and its gRPC port (default is 15999) is accessible from the machine where the Vitess connector is installed

gRPC authentication

Because Vitess connector reads change events from the VTGate VStream gRPC server, it does not need to connect directly to MySQL instances. Therefore, no special database user and permissions are needed. At the moment, Vitess connector only supports unauthenticated access to the VTGate gRPC server.

Deployment

With Zookeeper, Kafka, and Kafka Connect installed, the remaining tasks to deploy a Debezium Vitess connector are to download the connector’s plug-in archive, extract the JAR files into your Kafka Connect environment, and add the directory with the JAR files to Kafka Connect’s plugin.path. You then need to restart your Kafka Connect process to pick up the new JAR files.

If you are working with immutable containers, see Debezium’s Container images for Zookeeper, Kafka and Kafka Connect with the Vitess connector already installed and ready to run. You can also run Debezium on Kubernetes and OpenShift.

Connector configuration example

Following is an example of the configuration for a Vitess connector that connects to a Vitess (VTGate’s VStream) server on port 15991 at 192.168.99.100, whose logical name is fullfillment. It also connects to a VTCtld server on port 15999 at 192.168.99.101 to get the initial VGTID. Typically, you configure the Debezium Vitess connector in a .json file using the configuration properties available for the connector.

You can choose to produce events for a subset of the schemas and tables. Optionally, ignore, mask, or truncate columns that are sensitive, too large, or not needed.

{
  "name": "inventory-connector",  (1)
  "config": {
    "connector.class": "io.debezium.connector.vitess.VitessConnector", (2)
    "database.hostname": "192.168.99.100", (3)
    "database.port": "15991", (4)
    "database.user": "vitess", (5)
    "database.password": "vitess_password", (6)
    "vitess.keyspace": "commerce", (7)
    "vitess.tablet.type": "MASTER", (8)
    "vitess.vtctld.host": "192.168.99.101", (9)
    "vitess.vtctld.port": "15999", (10)
    "vitess.vtctld.user": "vitess", (11)
    "vitess.vtctld.password": "vitess_password", (12)
    "topic.prefix": "fullfillment", (13)
    "tasks.max": 1 (14)
  }
}
1 The name of the connector when registered with a Kafka Connect service.
2 The name of this Vitess connector class.
3 The address of the Vitess (VTGate’s VStream) server.
4 The port number of the Vitess (VTGate’s VStream) server.
5 The username of the Vitess database server (VTGate gRPC).
6 The password of the Vitess database server (VTGate gRPC).
7 The name of the keyspce (a.k.a database). Because no shard is specified, it reads change events from all shards in the keyspace.
8 The type of MySQL instance (MASTER OR REPLICA) to read change events from.
9 The address of the VTCtld server.
10 The port of the VTCtld server.
11 The username of the VTCtld server (VTCtld gRPC).
12 The password of the VTCtld database server (VTCtld gRPC).
13 The topic prefix for the Vitess cluster, which forms a namespace and is used in all the names of the Kafka topics to which the connector writes, the Kafka Connect schema names, and the namespaces of the corresponding Avro schema when the Avro converter is used.
14 Only one task should operate at any one time.

See the complete list of Vitess connector properties that can be specified in these configurations.

You can send this configuration with a POST command to a running Kafka Connect service. The service records the configuration and starts the connector task that connects to the Vitess database and streams change event records to Kafka topics.

Connector configuration example for offset-storage-per-task mode

When you have a big Vitess installation which requires more than one connector task to process the change logs, you can use offset-storage-per-task feature to launch multiple connector tasks and have each task work with a subset of vitess shards. Each task will persist its offsets (the vgtids for the shards it’s tracking) in Kafka’s offset topic in its own partition space.

Following is the same example for a Vitess connector that connects to a Vitess (VTGate’s VStream) server but with three additional parameteres to invoke the offset-storage-per-task mode.

{
  "name": "inventory-connector",
  "config": {
    "connector.class": "io.debezium.connector.vitess.VitessConnector",
    "database.hostname": "192.168.99.100",
    "database.port": "15991",
    "database.user": "vitess",
    "database.password": "vitess_password",
    "topic.prefix": "fullfillment",
    "vitess.keyspace": "commerce",
    "vitess.tablet.type": "MASTER",
    "vitess.vtctld.host": "192.168.99.101",
    "vitess.vtctld.port": "15999",
    "vitess.vtctld.user": "vitess",
    "vitess.vtctld.password": "vitess_password",
    "vitess.offset.storage.per.task": true, (1)
    "vitess.offset.storage.task.key.gen": 1, (2)
    "vitess.prev.num.tasks": 1, (3)
    "tasks.max": 2 (4)
  }
}
1 Specify that we want to turn on offset-storage-per-task feature
2 Specify that the generation number for the current task parallelism is 1
3 Specify that the number of tasks in the previous generation of task parallelism is 1
4 Specify that we want to launch two tasks for the current task parallelism

The task to vitess shards distribution is based on a simple round robin algorithm. In this example of launching two connector tasks and assume we have 4 vitess shards (-40,40-80,80-c0,c0-), task0 will be working on shards (-40,80-c0) and task1 will be working on shards (40-80,c0-).

The reason that we need three config params is to make sure the offsets saved by each connector task don’t collide with each other and to handle the migration of offsets by the previous task paralleism automatically. In order to make sure that we don’t collide on the partition keys in Kafka offset topic, we are using this partition name scheme for each connector task: taskId_numTasks_gen. So for the current example of launching two tasks with generation number 1, task0 will be writing its offsets in Kafka’s offset topic in partition key: task0_2_1 and task1 will be using partition key: (task1_2_1). The gen config param is used to distinguish the partition keys generated from different generations (generation corresponds to each change of task parallelism)

When the task paralleism changes (e.g. you want to launch 4 connector tasks instead of 2 to handle the bigger volume of traffic from vitess), you will specify tasks.max=4, vitess.offset.storage.task.key.gen=2, vitess.prev.num.tasks=2, the offset partition for this task paralleism generation will be: task0_4_2, task1_4_2, task2_4_2, task3_4_2. Once the connector restarts, the connector will detect there is no previous offsets saved for the current 4 partition keys and it will invoke an automatic offset migration from the offsets saved in the previous generation keys: task0_2_1 and task1_2_1. For the current example of 4 vitess shards (-40,40-80,80-c0,c0-), task0 will be working on shard:(-40), task1:(40-80), task2:(80-c0), task3:(c0-). The offsets for those 4 shards from the previous generation of parallelism (using 2 tasks with each task working with 2 shards) will be auto-migrated to this generation of using 4 tasks (one task working with one shard each).

Note that the task parallelism gen number is defaulted to be 0 for the offsets saved in Kafka offset topic before offset-storage-per-task feature is enabled, there is a special offset lookup during offset migration. So if you have the vitess connector running for a while without the offset-storage-per-task feature on and now you want to turn on this feature, please specify vitess.offset.storage.task.key.gen=1, vitess.prev.num.tasks=1 to help the offset auto migration.

Note that vitess.prev.num.tasks needs to match the actual number of tasks launched in the previous task parallelism generation. The number of connector tasks is usually the same as the tasks.max config params you specified, but in the rare case that tasks.max > number of vitess shards, the connector will only launch the_number_of_tasks = the_number_of_vitess_shards. This rare case is probably a mis-configuration in the first place.

See the complete list of Vitess connector properties that can be specified in these configurations.

You can send this configuration with a POST command to a running Kafka Connect service. The service records the configuration and starts the connector task that connects to the Vitess database and streams change event records to Kafka topics.

Adding connector configuration

To start running a Vitess connector, create a connector configuration and add the configuration to your Kafka Connect cluster.

Prerequisites

  • The VTGate host and its gRPC port (default is 15991) is accessible from the machine where the Vitess connector is installed

  • The VTCtld host and its gRPC port (default is 15999) is accessible from the machine where the Vitess connector is installed

  • The Vitess connector is installed.

Procedure

  1. Create a configuration for the Vitess connector.

  2. Use the Kafka Connect REST API to add that connector configuration to your Kafka Connect cluster.

Results

When the connector starts, it starts generating data change events for row-level operations and streaming change event records to Kafka topics.

Monitoring

The Debezium Vitess connector provides only one type of metrics that are in addition to the built-in support for JMX metrics that Zookeeper, Kafka, and Kafka Connect provide.

  • Streaming metrics provide information about connector operation when the connector is capturing changes and streaming change event records.

Debezium monitoring documentation provides details for how to expose these metrics by using JMX.

Customized MBean names

Debezium connectors expose metrics via the MBean name for the connector. These metrics, which are specific to each connector instance, provide data about the behavior of the connector’s snapshot, streaming, and schema history processes.

By default, when you deploy a correctly configured connector, Debezium generates a unique MBean name for each of the different connector metrics. To view the metrics for a connector process, you configure your observability stack to monitor its MBean. But these default MBean names depend on the connector configuration; configuration changes can result in changes to the MBean names. A change to the MBean name breaks the linkage between the connector instance and the MBean, disrupting monitoring activity. In this scenario, you must reconfigure the observability stack to use the new MBean name if you want to resume monitoring.

To prevent monitoring disruptions that result from MBean name changes, you can configure custom metrics tags. You configure custom metrics by adding the custom.metric.tags property to the connector configuration. The property accepts key-value pairs in which each key represents a tag for the MBean object name, and the corresponding value represents the value of that tag. For example: k1=v1,k2=v2. Debezium appends the specified tags to the MBean name of the connector.

After you configure the custom.metric.tags property for a connector, you can configure the observability stack to retrieve metrics associated with the specified tags. The observability stack then uses the specified tags, rather than the mutable MBean names to uniquely identify connectors. Later, if Debezium redefines how it constructs MBean names, or if the topic.prefix in the connector configuration changes, metrics collection is uninterrupted, because the metrics scrape task uses the specified tag patterns to identify the connector.

A further benefit of using custom tags, is that you can use tags that reflect the architecture of your data pipeline, so that metrics are organized in a way that suits you operational needs. For example, you might specify tags with values that declare the type of connector activity, the application context, or the data source, for example, db1-streaming-for-application-abc. If you specify multiple key-value pairs, all of the specified pairs are appended to the connector’s MBean name.

The following example illustrates how tags modify the default MBean name.

Example 1. How custom tags modify the connector MBean name

By default, the Vitess connector uses the following MBean name for streaming metrics: 

debezium.vitess:type=connector-metrics,context=streaming,server=<topic.prefix>

If you set the value of custom.metric.tags to database=salesdb-streaming,table=inventory, Debezium generates the following custom MBean name:

debezium.vitess:type=connector-metrics,context=streaming,server=<topic.prefix>,database=salesdb-streaming,table=inventory

Streaming metrics

The MBean is debezium.vitess:type=connector-metrics,context=streaming,server=<topic.prefix>.

Attributes Type Description

MilliSecondsSinceLastEvent

long

The number of milliseconds since the connector has read and processed the most recent event.

TotalNumberOfEventsSeen

long

The total number of events that this connector has seen since last started or reset.

NumberOfEventsFiltered

long

The number of events that have been filtered by include/exclude list filtering rules configured on the connector.

QueueTotalCapacity

int

The length the queue used to pass events between the streamer and the main Kafka Connect loop.

QueueRemainingCapacity

int

The free capacity of the queue used to pass events between the streamer and the main Kafka Connect loop.

Connected

boolean

Flag that denotes whether the connector is currently connected to the database server.

MilliSecondsBehindSource

long

The number of milliseconds between the last change event’s timestamp and the connector processing it. The values will incorporate any differences between the clocks on the machines where the database server and the connector are running.

NumberOfCommittedTransactions

long

The number of processed transactions that were committed.

MaxQueueSizeInBytes

long

The maximum buffer of the queue in bytes used to pass events between the streamer and the main Kafka Connect loop.

CurrentQueueSizeInBytes

long

The current buffer of the queue in bytes used to pass events between the streamer and the main Kafka Connect loop.

Connector configuration properties

The Debezium Vitess connector has many configuration properties that you can use to achieve the right connector behavior for your application. Many properties have default values. Information about the properties is organized as follows:

The following configuration properties are required unless a default value is available.

Table 9. Required connector configuration properties
Property Default Description

name

No default

Unique name for the connector. Attempting to register again with the same name will fail. This property is required by all Kafka Connect connectors.

connector.class

No default

The name of the Java class for the connector. Always use a value of io.debezium.connector.vitess.VitessConnector for the Vitess connector.

tasks.max

1

The maximum number of tasks that should be created for this connector. The Vitess connector can use more than 1 tasks if you enable offset.storage.per.task mode.

database.hostname

No default

IP address or hostname of the Vitess database server (VTGate).

database.port

15991

Integer port number of the Vitess database server (VTGate).

vitess.keyspace

The name of the keyspace from which to stream the changes.

vitess.shard

n/a

An optional name of the shard from which to stream the changes. If not configured, in case of unsharded keyspace, the connector streams changes from the only shard, in case of sharded keyspace, the connector streams changes from all shards in the keyspace. We recommend not configuring it in order to stream from all shards in the keyspace because it has better support for reshard operation. If configured, for example, -80, the connector will stream changes from the -80 shard.

vitess.gtid

current

An optional GTID position for a shard to stream from. This has to be set together with vitess.shard. If not configured, the connector streams changes from the latest position for the given shard.

vitess.stop_on_reshard

false

Controls Vitess flag stop_on_reshard.

true - the stream will be stopped after a reshard operation.

false - the stream will be automatically migrated for the new shards after a reshard operation.

If set to true, you should also consider setting vitess.gtid in the configuration.

vitess.database.user

n/a

An optional username of the Vitess database server (VTGate). If not configured, unauthenticated VTGate gRPC is used.

vitess.database.password

n/a

An optional password of the Vitess database server (VTGate). If not configured, unauthenticated VTGate gRPC is used.

vitess.tablet.type

MASTER

The type of Tablet (hence MySQL) from which to stream the changes:

MASTER represents streaming from the master MySQL instance

REPLICA represents streaming from the replica slave MySQL instance

RDONLY represents streaming from the read-only slave MySQL instance.

topic.prefix

No default

Topic prefix that provides a namespace for the particular Vitess database server or cluster in which Debezium is capturing changes. Only alphanumeric characters, hyphens, dots and underscores must be used in the database server logical name. The prefix should be unique across all other connectors, since it is used as a topic name prefix for all Kafka topics that receive records from this connector.

+

Do not change the value of this property. If you change the name value, after a restart, instead of continuing to emit events to the original topics, the connector emits subsequent events to topics whose names are based on the new value.

table.include.list

No default

An optional, comma-separated list of regular expressions that match fully-qualified table identifiers for tables whose changes you want to capture. Any table not included in table.include.list does not have its changes captured. Each identifier is of the form keyspace.tableName. By default, the connector captures changes in every non-system table in each schema whose changes are being captured. Do not also set the table.exclude.list property.

table.exclude.list

No default

An optional, comma-separated list of regular expressions that match fully-qualified table identifiers for tables whose changes you do not want to capture. Any table not included in table.exclude.list has it changes captured. Each identifier is of the form keyspace.tableName. Do not also set the table.include.list property.

column.include.list

No default

An optional, comma-separated list of regular expressions that match the fully-qualified names of columns that should be included in change event record values. Fully-qualified names for columns are of the form keyspace.tableName.columnName. Do not also set the column.exclude.list property.

column.exclude.list

No default

An optional, comma-separated list of regular expressions that match the fully-qualified names of columns that should be excluded from change event record values. Fully-qualified names for columns are of the form keyspace.tableName.columnName. Do not also set the column.include.list property.

column.truncate.to.length.chars

n/a

An optional, comma-separated list of regular expressions that match the fully-qualified names of character-based columns. Set this property if you want to truncate the data in a set of columns when it exceeds the number of characters specified by the length in the property name. Set length to a positive integer value, for example, column.truncate.to.20.chars.

The fully-qualified name of a column observes the following format: databaseName.tableName.columnName. To match the name of a column, Debezium applies the regular expression that you specify as an anchored regular expression. That is, the specified expression is matched against the entire name string of the column; the expression does not match substrings that might be present in a column name.

You can specify multiple properties with different lengths in a single configuration.

tombstones.on.delete

true

Controls whether a delete event is followed by a tombstone event.

true - a delete operation is represented by a delete event and a subsequent tombstone event.

false - only a delete event is emitted.

After a source record is deleted, emitting a tombstone event (the default behavior) allows Kafka to completely delete all events that pertain to the key of the deleted row in case log compaction is enabled for the topic.

vitess.offset.storage.per.task

false

Specify whether to turn on offset-storage-per-task mode launch multiple connector tasks and persist offsets partitioned by task.

true - turn on offset-storage-per-task mode.

false - do not use offset-storage-per-task mode.

You will also you also need to specify vitess.offset.storage.task.key.gen and vitess.prev.num.tasks params if you turn on offset-storage-per-task mode.

vitess.offset.storage.task.key.gen

-1

Specify the task paralleism generation number when vitess.offset.storage.per.task is turned on. You should increase the generation number when you decide to change the connector task parallelism (either launch more connector tasks or less)

vitess.prev.num.tasks

-1

Specify the number of connector tasks used in the previous generation of task paralleism when vitess.offset.storage.per.task is turned on.

message.key.columns

empty string

A semicolon separated list of tables with regular expressions that match table column names. The connector maps values in matching columns to key fields in change event records that it sends to Kafka topics. This is useful when a table does not have a primary key, or when you want to order change event records in a Kafka topic according to a field that is not a primary key.

Separate entries with semicolons. Insert a colon between the fully-qualified table name and its regular expression. The format is:

keyspace-name.table-name:_regexp_;…​

For example,

keyspaceA.table_a:regex_1;keyspaceA.table_b:regex_2;keyspaceA.table_c:regex_3

If table_a has a an id column, and regex_1 is ^i (matches any column that starts with i), the connector maps the value in table_a's id column to a key field in change events that the connector sends to Kafka.

schema.name.adjustment.mode

none

Specifies how schema names should be adjusted for compatibility with the message converter used by the connector. Possible settings:

  • none does not apply any adjustment.

  • avro replaces the characters that cannot be used in the Avro type name with underscore.

  • avro_unicode replaces the underscore or characters that cannot be used in the Avro type name with corresponding unicode like _uxxxx. Note: _ is an escape sequence like backslash in Java

field.name.adjustment.mode

none

Specifies how field names should be adjusted for compatibility with the message converter used by the connector. Possible settings:

  • none does not apply any adjustment.

  • avro replaces the characters that cannot be used in the Avro type name with underscore.

  • avro_unicode replaces the underscore or characters that cannot be used in the Avro type name with corresponding unicode like _uxxxx. Note: _ is an escape sequence like backslash in Java

See Avro naming for more details.

snapshot.mode

initial

Specifies the criteria for performing a snapshot when the connector starts. Set the property to one of the following values:

initial

When the connector starts, if it does not detect a value in its offsets topic, it performs a snapshot of the database.

never

When the connector starts, it skips the snapshot process and immediately begins to stream change events for operations that the database records to the binary logs.

time.precision.mode

adaptive_time_microseconds

You can set the following options to determine how Debezium represents the precision of time, date, and timestamp values:

+ adaptive_time_microseconds:: (Default) Captures date, datetime, and timestamp values exactly as they exist in the database. Values are represented with a precision in milliseconds, microseconds, or nanoseconds, depending on the database column type, with the exception of TIME type fields, which are always captured as microseconds.

connect

Time and timestamp values are always represented in the default Kafka Connect formats for Time, Date, and Timestamp, which use millisecond precision regardless of the database columns' precision.

bigint.unsigned.handling.mode.mode

string

Specify how BIGINT UNSIGNED columns should be represented in change events.
Set the property to one of the following values:

string::
represent values using Java’s string

long::
represents values using Java’s long, which may not offer the precision but will be far easier to use in consumers.

precise::
represents values as precise (Java’s 'BigDecimal') values. This is precise but difficult to use.

The following advanced configuration properties have defaults that work in most situations and therefore rarely need to be specified in the connector’s configuration.

Table 10. Advanced connector configuration properties
Property Default Description

converters

No default

Enumerates a comma-separated list of the symbolic names of the custom converter instances that the connector can use. For example,

isbn

You must set the converters property to enable the connector to use a custom converter.

For each converter that you configure for a connector, you must also add a .type property, which specifies the fully-qualified name of the class that implements the converter interface. The .type property uses the following format:

<converterSymbolicName>.type

For example,

isbn.type: io.debezium.test.IsbnConverter

If you want to further control the behavior of a configured converter, you can add one or more configuration parameters to pass values to the converter. To associate any additional configuration parameter with a converter, prefix the parameter names with the symbolic name of the converter. For example,

isbn.schema.name: io.debezium.vitess.type.Isbn

event.processing.failure.handling.mode

fail

Specifies how the connector should react to exceptions during processing of events:

fail propagates the exception, indicates the offset of the problematic event, and causes the connector to stop.

warn logs the offset of the problematic event, skips that event, and continues processing.

skip skips the problematic event and continues processing.

max.queue.size

20240

Positive integer value that specifies the maximum number of records that the blocking queue can hold. When Debezium reads events streamed from the database, it places the events in the blocking queue before it writes them to Kafka. The blocking queue can provide backpressure for reading change events from the database in cases where the connector ingests messages faster than it can write them to Kafka, or when Kafka becomes unavailable. Events that are held in the queue are disregarded when the connector periodically records offsets. Always set the value of max.queue.size to be larger than the value of max.batch.size.

max.batch.size

2048

Positive integer value that specifies the maximum size of each batch of events that the connector processes.

max.queue.size.in.bytes

0

A long integer value that specifies the maximum volume of the blocking queue in bytes. By default, volume limits are not specified for the blocking queue. To specify the number of bytes that the queue can consume, set this property to a positive long value.
If max.queue.size is also set, writing to the queue is blocked when the size of the queue reaches the limit specified by either property. For example, if you set max.queue.size=1000, and max.queue.size.in.bytes=5000, writing to the queue is blocked after the queue contains 1000 records, or after the volume of the records in the queue reaches 5000 bytes.

poll.interval.ms

500

Positive integer value that specifies the number of milliseconds the connector should wait for new change events to appear before it starts processing a batch of events. Defaults to 500 milliseconds, or 0.5 second.

skipped.operations

t

A comma-separated list of operation types that will be skipped during streaming. The operations include: c for inserts/create, u for updates, d for deletes, t for truncates, and none to not skip any operations. By default, truncate operations are skipped (not emitted by this connector).

provide.transaction.metadata

false

Determines whether the connector generates events with transaction boundaries and enriches change event envelopes with transaction metadata. Specify true if you want the connector to do this. See Transaction metadata for details.

transaction.metadata.factory

io.debezium.pipeline.txmetadata.DefaultTransactionMetadataFactory

Determines the class that the connector uses to track transaction context and build the data structures and schemas to represent transactions. io.debezium.connector.vitess.pipeline.txmetadata.VitessOrderedTransactionMetadataFactory provides additional transaction metadata that can help consumers to interpret the correct order of two events, regardless of the order in which they are consumed. For more information, see Ordered transaction metadata.

vitess.keepalive.interval.ms

Long.MAX_VALUE

Control the interval between periodic gPRC keepalive pings for VStream. Defaults to Long.MAX_VALUE (disabled).

vitess.grpc.headers

No default

Specify a comma-separated list of gRPC headers. Defaults to empty. The format is:

key1:value1,key2:value2,…​

For example,

x-envoy-upstream-rq-timeout-ms:0,x-envoy-max-retries:2

vitess.grpc.max_inbound_message_size

No default

Specify the maximum message size in bytes allowed to be received on the channel.

Default is 4MiB

column.propagate.source.type

n/a

An optional, comma-separated list of regular expressions that match the fully-qualified names of columns whose original type and length should be added as a parameter to the corresponding field schemas in the emitted change event records. These schema parameters:

__debezium.source.column.type

are used to propagate the original type name and length for variable-width types, respectively. This is useful to properly size corresponding columns in sink databases. Fully-qualified names for columns are of the following form:

keyspaceName.tableName.columnName

datatype.propagate.source.type

n/a

An optional, comma-separated list of regular expressions that match the database-specific data type name of columns whose original type and length should be added as a parameter to the corresponding field schemas in the emitted change event records. These schema parameters:

__debezium.source.column.type

are used to propagate the original type name and length for variable-width types, respectively. This is useful to properly size corresponding columns in sink databases. Fully-qualified names for columns are of the following form:

keyspaceName.tableName.columnName

See how Vitess connectors map data types for the list of Vitess-specific data type names.

topic.naming.strategy

io.debezium.schema.SchemaTopicNamingStrategy

The name of the TopicNamingStrategy class that should be used to determine the topic name for data change, schema change, transaction, heartbeat event etc., defaults to SchemaTopicNamingStrategy.

override.data.change.topic.prefix

No default

Specifies the prefix that the connector uses to create the names of data change topics when topic.naming.strategy is set to io.debezium.connector.vitess.TableTopicNamingStrategy. The connector uses the value of this property instead of the specified topic.prefix.

topic.delimiter

.

Specify the delimiter for topic name, defaults to ..

topic.cache.size

10000

The size used for holding the topic names in bounded concurrent hash map. This cache will help to determine the topic name corresponding to a given data collection.

topic.transaction

transaction

Controls the name of the topic to which the connector sends transaction metadata messages. The topic name has this pattern:

topic.prefix.topic.transaction

For example, if the topic prefix is fulfillment, the default topic name is fulfillment.transaction.

custom.metric.tags

No default

The custom metric tags will accept key-value pairs to customize the MBean object name which should be appended the end of regular name, each key would represent a tag for the MBean object name, and the corresponding value would be the value of that tag the key is. For example: k1=v1,k2=v2.

errors.max.retries

-1

Specifies how the connector responds after an operation that results in a retriable error, such as a connection error.
Set one of the following options:

-1

No limit. The connector always restarts automatically, and retries the operation, regardless of the number of previous failures.

0

Disabled. The connector fails immediately, and never retries the operation. User intervention is required to restart the connector.

> 0

The connector restarts automatically until it reaches the specified maximum number of retries. After the next failure, the connector stops, and user intervention is required to restart it.
Pass-through connector configuration properties

The connector also supports pass-through configuration properties that are used when creating the Kafka producer and consumer.

Be sure to consult the Kafka documentation for all of the configuration properties for Kafka producers and consumers. The Vitess connector does use the new consumer configuration properties.

Behavior when things go wrong

Debezium is a distributed system that captures all changes in multiple upstream databases; it never misses or loses an event. When the system is operating normally or being managed carefully then Debezium provides exactly once delivery of every change event record.

If a fault does happen then the system does not lose any events. However, while it is recovering from the fault, it might repeat some change events. In these abnormal situations, Debezium, like Kafka, provides at least once delivery of change events.

The rest of this section describes how Debezium handles various kinds of faults and problems.

Configuration and startup errors

In the following situations, the connector fails when trying to start, reports an error/exception in the log, and stops running:

  • The connector’s configuration is invalid.

  • The connector cannot successfully connect to Vitess by using the specified connection parameters.

In these cases, the error message has details about the problem and possibly a suggested workaround. After you correct the configuration or address the Vitess problem, restart the connector.

Vitess becomes unavailable

When the connector is running, the Vitses server (VTGate) that it is connected to could become unavailable for any number of reasons. If this happens, the connector fails with an error and stops. When the server is available again, restart the connector.

The Vitess connector externally stores the last processed offset in the form of a Vitess VGTID. After a connector restarts and connects to a server instance, the connector communicates with the server to continue streaming from that particular offset.

Invalid column name error

This error happens very rarely. If you receive an error with the message Illegal prefix '@' for column: x, from schema: y, table: z, and your table doesn’t have such a column, it is a Vitess vstream bug that is caused by column renaming or column type change. It is a transient error. You can restart the connector after a small backoff and it should resolve automatically.

Kafka Connect process stops gracefully

Suppose that Kafka Connect is being run in distributed mode and a Kafka Connect process is stopped gracefully. Prior to shutting down that process, Kafka Connect migrates the process’s connector tasks to another Kafka Connect process in that group. The new connector tasks start processing exactly where the prior tasks stopped. There is a short delay in processing while the connector tasks are stopped gracefully and restarted on the new processes.

Kafka Connect process crashes

If the Kafka Connector process stops unexpectedly, any connector tasks it was running terminate without recording their most recently processed offsets. When Kafka Connect is being run in distributed mode, Kafka Connect restarts those connector tasks on other processes. However, Vitess connectors resume from the last offset that was recorded by the earlier processes. This means that the new replacement tasks might generate some of the same change events that were processed just prior to the crash. The number of duplicate events depends on the offset flush period and the volume of data changes just before the crash.

Because there is a chance that some events might be duplicated during a recovery from failure, consumers should always anticipate some duplicate events. Debezium changes are idempotent, so a sequence of events always results in the same state.

In each change event record, Debezium connectors insert source-specific information about the origin of the event, including the Vitess server’s time of the event, the position in the binlog where the transaction changes were written. Consumers can keep track of this information, especially the VGTID, to determine whether an event is a duplicate.

Kafka becomes unavailable

As the connector generates change events, the Kafka Connect framework records those events in Kafka by using the Kafka producer API. Periodically, at a frequency that you specify in the Kafka Connect configuration, Kafka Connect records the latest offset that appears in those change events. If the Kafka brokers become unavailable, the Kafka Connect process that is running the connectors repeatedly tries to reconnect to the Kafka brokers. In other words, the connector tasks pause until a connection can be re-established, at which point the connectors resume exactly where they left off.

Connector is stopped for a duration

If the connector is gracefully stopped, the database can continue to be used. Any changes are recorded in the Vitess binlog. When the connector restarts, it resumes streaming changes where it left off. That is, it generates change event records for all database changes that were made while the connector was stopped.

A properly configured Kafka cluster is able to handle massive throughput. Kafka Connect is written according to Kafka best practices, and given enough resources a Kafka Connect connector can also handle very large numbers of database change events. Because of this, after being stopped for a while, when a Debezium connector restarts, it is very likely to catch up with the database changes that were made while it was stopped. How quickly this happens depends on the capabilities and performance of Kafka and the volume of changes being made to the data in Vitess.

Connector fails before finishing the snapshot

If a snapshot fails to complete, the connector does not automatically reattempt the snapshot. If the connector is restarted with the previous offset, the connector skips the snapshot process and immediately begins to stream change events.

Consequently, to recover from the failure, remove the connector offsets manually and start the connector.

Limitations with earlier Vitess versions

Vitess 8.0.0

  • Due to a minor Vitess padding issue (which is fixed in Vitess 9.0.0), decimal values with a precision that is greater than or equal to 13 will cause extra whitespaces in front of the number. E.g. if the column type is decimal(13,4) in the table definition, the value -1.2300 becomes "- 1.2300", and the value 1.2300 becomes " 1.2300".

  • Does not support the JSON column type.

  • VStream 8.0.0 doesn’t provide additional metadata of permitted values for ENUM columns. Therefore, the Connector does not support the ENUM column type. The index number (1-based) will be emitted instead of the enumeration value. E.g. "3" will be emitted as the value instead of "L" if the ENUM definition is enum('S','M','L').